Caesarean Section Births on the Rise in England

In England, more babies are born by caesarean section than are born naturally for the first time – without help. Latest NHS data for 2024-25 shows 45% of births were by caesarean section, compared to 44% spontaneous, a term describing a natural vaginal birth. A further 11% required additional support and interventions such as forceps.

Factors Influencing the Rise

Almost half of cesarean sections, in which the baby is delivered by interfering with the mother’s abdomen and uterus, were planned in advance. According to NHS England, the rise is being influenced by many factors, including women choosing this type of birth and a rise in pre-existing conditions such as diabetes and obesity.

Complex Picture

The picture behind the numbers is “very complex,” say experts. Maternal age is increasing, and health status is also increasing. Previous experiences will also play a role in the decision to have a cesarean section. Birth trauma and a cesarean section the first time may influence their decision to have a cesarean section the second time.

Personal Choice and Medical Advancements

For many women, a cesarean section is a matter of personal choice. In the last 10 years, the number of cesarean sections has doubled. Improvements in the ability to recognize when a baby’s wellbeing is deteriorating during labor and therefore respond appropriately have also contributed to the rise.

“Least Worst Option”

Many factors are contributing to the rise, including the average age of becoming a mother and women’s BMI, which has only increased very slightly. However, part of the picture is that more and more women consider a C-section to be the “least worst option” because they fear they may not get the support they need for a “safe, uncomplicated labor.” Maternity services in England have been heavily criticized, with reviews of maternity care currently underway at 14 NHS trusts.

Prioritizing Safety and Well-being

The safety and well-being of mothers and babies should always be a priority. Decisions about how a baby is delivered are made through informed conversations that take into account individual circumstances, clinical advice, and a woman’s preferences to ensure the safest and most appropriate approach for each birth. All women should receive safe, personalized maternity care in line with best practice guidance and clinical evidence.