Introduction to the Controversy
Maria Jose Martinez-Patino, a Spanish former hurdler and now a professor at Vigo University, believes that the new genetic tests introduced by World Athletics for female athletes at the elite level are "a setback of several decades". These tests aim to determine the authorization of athletes competing in the female category by checking for the presence of the Y chromosome. Martinez-Patino’s reaction stems from her own experiences and the implications of such tests on the understanding of gender in sports.
The Test and Its Implications
The test, which can be carried out through a cheek swab or a blood test, looks for the Sry gene, considered a reliable indicator of biological gender in humans with a Y chromosome, typically men. However, Martinez-Patino argues that determining sex is not so straightforward, citing over 60 genetic mutations that complicate this issue. She emphasizes that athletes with differences in sexual development (DSD) should not be discussed in the context of transgender debates, as these are distinct topics requiring different approaches.
History of Sex Testing in Sports
Sex tests in women’s sports are not new, dating back to 1936. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) has had to navigate these waters, with some arguing that the new regulations contradict the IOC’s inclusion framework. Martinez-Patino’s personal experience with gender testing was dramatically affected by sports policy. In 1983, she passed a gender test, but two years later, she failed, revealing an XY karyotype. This led to her missing the chance to qualify for the 1988 Olympic Games.
The Impact on Athletes
Martinez-Patino paid a significant price for the sex tests. After not passing, she decided to defend herself, but it came at a cost. She endured public exposure and emotional trauma after the Spanish press revealed her medical details. Eventually, she won a legal proceeding by arguing that her condition, Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS), did not provide a male physiological advantage due to the XY chromosomes. Her story highlights the complexities and sensitivities involved in gender testing in sports.
Criticisms and Concerns
Some athletes and experts criticize the focus on genetic testing, arguing that it diverts resources from more pressing issues like doping, abuse, and violence in sports. Germany’s long jumper, Malaika Mihambo, expressed criticism, stating that large resources are spent on a small problem while urgent issues remain unaddressed. Martinez-Patino agrees, pointing to the case of Caster Semenya, a double Olympic gold medal winner who has faced numerous battles over her eligibility.
The Human Aspect
Behind the medals and fame, Martinez-Patino emphasizes that there is suffering, disappointment, and grief. She argues that elite sports have both bright and dark sides and that the condition of being born with certain chromosomes or genetics should not be unfairly judged. The issue is not just about sports but about human rights and dignity.
Looking Forward
As World Athletics and other governing bodies navigate these complex issues, Martinez-Patino hopes for a more sensitive and scientifically informed approach. With the new administration under former swimmer Kirsty Coventry, there is an opportunity for a fresh perspective. Martinez-Patino believes that Coventry, as a woman, athlete, and mother, will understand the need for a compassionate and scientifically grounded approach to genetic issues in sports. The future of gender testing in sports hangs in the balance, with implications for athletes, gender policies, and our understanding of human biology and identity.
